![]() |
![]() |
|
The words remain etched into the soft, gray wood of a cabin door, where my best friend from summer camp once wrote them with a black, sharp-pointed pen. Melanie smiled proudly when she was done, with the mixture of conviction and rebellion that guided everything we did when we were fourteen. But even then, the words made me a little uncomfortable.
As a third-year student, I spent six weeks in a required clinical psychiatry rotation. The best description I can offer of that purgatory is having the constant sense that I was reckoning with ghosts-my ghosts-and that if I lost, they would bear my filthy, pathetic soul away to the land of the ostracized, psychologically unfit. Empathy was no help to me. In fact, it was potentially my greatest weakness, the link that might drag me into the world of Them, not Us. As is true for depression, there are diagnostic criteria established for every psychiatric malady: schizophrenia, personality disorders, bipolar disease, autism. Normal grieving has a time limit. Mood has parameters. A charming woman with a tragic history of loss and betrayal turned out to be a manipulative patient with borderline personality disorder-and I thought we had just had a constructive heart-to-heart. An exuberant young man, filled with elation about the wonders of love, turned out to be in the manic phase of bipolar disease. As with my ex-boyfriend, the boundaries of normalcy wavered dangerously, and I felt disoriented. What I never realized as a pre-clinical student, ever confident that psychiatry was an intuitive field, is that you have to dissociate yourself from a patient to do him any good. You have to work at becoming immune to charm as well as insult, objective in the face of strong emotion, removed when you are asked to be most involved. I sucked at it.
Mr. Edwards limped into my borrowed office on a scarred wooden cane, his atrophied legs barely filling the stone-washed Levi's he belted with purple nylon. He wore a lopsided, black beret over grizzled gray hair, and his blue eyes stared at me as we greeted one another. A plain silver earring adorned his left ear. Seating himself delicately in the only available chair, he waited for me to speak. "Before we start," I offered, feeling uncomfortably like a made-for-TV psychiatrist with my three-days' experience in that role, "I just want to make sure you understand this program. I am a medical student, and I will meet with you over the next four weeks to learn why you are here and how we might best help you. I will share this information with Dr. Shimaya, whom you met on the way in, and she will continue to see you after I am gone. We will make any treatment decisions together." I had learned that setting forth clear boundaries and expectations would make a therapeutic alliance more productive. Mr. Edwards nodded, and in a drawling British accent said, "Yes. Yes, that's fine." I smiled politely and leaned forward a little bit in an attentive and interested pose. "So," I asked, "what brings you here today?" He tilted his head curiously, and I almost expected him to call my bluff. Instead, he said, "Well, it all started when my mother abandoned me. I was nine, and I felt the sharp end of that sword." Here, I thought. Two minutes into the interview, and already at the heart of the matter. Half an hour later, I wasn't so sure. His list of complaints, printed carefully by hand, included such disparate concerns as noisy neighbors, difficulty finishing projects he started, and sorrow. Mr. Edwards said he was an artist with the desire to return home to England before he died. He claimed to have been depressed off and on for a year. And, by the way, he was arrested during his teenage years "for effeminacy." I spent most of the meeting chasing clues: what's wrong with your health? What happened a year ago that made you sad? What did the police charge you with? Like the craftiest of con artists, Mr. Edwards steered me away from the emotional content of his stories. Finally, I tried to hone in on his worry. "Mr. Edwards, why do you believe you won't live much longer?" "I'm terribly weak. And I'm getting weaker." I looked on his intake sheet for a diagnosis that would explain this symptom. "Is that from tertiary syphilis? Or is this something new?" "I don't know, really." I asked a string of questions to assess what he was able to do for himself, and what required help. He was afraid to take the bus anymore, he said, because he felt fragile in large groups of people. But he rarely allowed anyone to drive him around. "I'm a very dependent person," Mr. Edwards said. "Very dependent?" "No, independent. I dislike waiting around for other people. I'd rather walk than sit around half the day waiting for someone to take me to the market when it conveniences them. It messes with my schedule." "In what ways are you dependent?" I asked. "Well, I live in public housing. And I receive SSI." Supplemental Security Income is a federal program providing monetary support to people with long-term disabilities or age greater than 65 years. "Have you needed more time to get around recently or found that there are new things you can no longer do?" "No." A phone call to his primary physician was no more revealing. She chuckled and told me he was prone to somatization-had physical symptoms for emotional ills-but that his state of health had not changed in the last five years. She had prescribed antidepressants for him at one time, but they had not been of help. The next time I met with Mr. Edwards, his story had grown more robust-and disturbing. His mother had lovers other than his father, and had left her family for one of them. Then my patient's father, until he remarried, shared a bed with him, sometimes fondling the boy at night. This began a string of very personal revelations: how he had performed fellatio on a sailor in front of onlookers at age 13; how he had swallowed needles at reform school, and poured acid on his hands at military school, to get his mother's attention; how he had tried to kill himself with carbon monoxide after contracting syphilis from a lover. About these elements of his past, he was only mildly reluctant to talk. About the present, however, Mr. Edwards remained stubbornly vague. There were no significant relationships in his life, he said at first. Later he said his "significant other" for the last thirty years was a man he saw rarely, though they both lived in San Francisco. About drugs his story changed as well: he smoked marijuana "occasionally"-which meant every night for the past thirty-five years. Repeatedly, the suspicion that I wasn't getting the whole story stopped me from trusting his answers. How could it make sense that he could walk no more than a few blocks but refused to let anyone help him get groceries? My task as a student was to create a "psychodynamic formulation," a postulation about my patient's formative life experiences and current psychological struggles. By the end of our fourth session, I was to assign him a provisional diagnosis and be able to discuss him with the psychiatrists coherently. Although I still felt that I hardly knew him, I tried to imagine being Mr. John Edwards. Donning my writer's cap, I started by describing him in detail. Then I tried to analyze him, amateurish as it felt. Under my pen, he became a character in a novel: events led to actions, and turmoil, and resolution in a logical, if slightly fabricated, way. But when it came time to assign him a diagnosis, I felt stuck. Mr. Edwards had a litany of complaints, but denied most symptoms. He couldn't express why he had come to the psychiatry clinic. Medication for depression had not helped him, and he didn't want group psychotherapy. If he had a burgeoning substance abuse problem, it had not yet interfered with his ability to tend his daily needs and make his appointments. The only clues to his current malady were in recent events: death of his estranged mother three years before, and that of an admired "friend" less than a year ago. My patient's most significant problem, it seemed to me, was loneliness. What could we prescribe for that? Loneliness isn't a diagnosis in the DSM. In medical terms, it would be more like a common cold than pneumonia: there are no medicines that help, no salves to make it go away. All one can do is tell a patient to take care of himself, and use whatever remedies seem to work. Though I provisionally called his problems dysthymia (longstanding depressed mood without other symptoms of depression), chronic pain disorder, and "rule-out" cannabis dependency (meaning I wasn't convinced), Mr. Edwards fell into the uncomfortable no-man's land of the medically undiagnosable. At the end of our last meeting, Mr. Edwards left abruptly. I had been accustomed to his lingering after each session, as though he would be content to stay and reminisce all day. From the window, I watched him hobble down the bustling street with surprising agility - he was not as hindered as he had intimated in our earlier session. Had he wanted only sympathy from me? Or the ear I lent him for an hour a week? Either way, he was on his own now. With the number of truly ill patients in psychotherapy at the clinic, there were no resources for the well patient who just wanted someone to listen to him. That was what our sessions had revealed: wellness, crippled by lack of support. He had to look elsewhere for empathy.
When I first arrived at the psychiatric emergency ward of San Francisco General Hospital for my assigned night "on call", the physicians and nurses appeared relaxed. It was dinnertime, and the evening shift staff sat at a long table, joking with one another and nibbling on food either brought from home or purchased on the way to work. But just as I started to feel comfortable, we were interrupted by the explosive entry of a young African American man accompanied by two police officers, who hoisted him into a padded cell. He was thrashing and hollering about things we could not see. A dark-skinned nurse materialized with a clear liquid-filled syringe, and a psychiatrist gave the man a shot of Haldol while the policemen were still there. Then they locked the crazed patient in the dark room, stripped of anything that could cause harm, and waited for the sedating effects of the anti-psychotic medication. The vision shocked me: how, like an animal, this young man was injected and locked up-no time for an interview, no full assessment, shoot first and ask questions later. It was explained that he had been floridly psychotic, shouting at people who weren't there, irrationally terrified. But more than that, it seemed to me, he was strong, and agitated, and threatening. All it took was an injection to restore the calm of the psych emergency suite. I spent the latter part of the evening interviewing a patient who had presented the same way. Mild-mannered and dulled by medication, he was nevertheless deemed potentially aggressive, and our interview occurred in a room with windows bordering the staff room. His chair was in the corner farthest from the door; mine was within reach of the exit. The interview has faded in my mind. The possibility of danger turned out to be overblown. My patient spoke calmly of his hallucinations, denied knowing he was schizophrenic, and admitted to trying crack cocaine (the most likely trigger of his bout of psychosis). He showed no emotion while we talked, no expression that would fix him in my mind. I had the sense that he wasn't really there, and perhaps that's why, in the collection of patients I have had and faces I remember, he seems to have disappeared.
A significant percentage of homeless people are "mentally ill"-a vague term for schizophrenia. What I know is what I have seen: disheveled men and women talking to no one in particular, shouting at invisible traitors, howling their distress and being walked past, not acknowledged, left to flounder in the fickle tides of their mental chemistry. A bottle of medication might be tucked away under layers of clothing or in the bottom of a backpack, but people whose thoughts are disorganized often forget to take their pills. Someone who goes on a drinking binge, or gets high, isn't going to remember either. I have a friend whose mother is schizophrenic. She was a married physician with two children when the symptoms first started. Over time she started to come undone, gradually slipping from living mostly in the present-day to succumbing to hallucinations, persecutory thoughts, lack of cohesion in her own mind. She lives in a psychiatric care home now, but sometimes she escapes and comes to his door, her lips working over words from the past, her own certainty of home and place askew. This isn't new to him. He understands the illness behind his mother's erratic behavior. He is no longer surprised if she doesn't recognize him. He still tries to visit her, manages her affairs. Sometimes she acts normal. Other times he might as well not be there. The hardest part is something he doesn't talk about: with a mother who has schizophrenia, he might turn out to have schizophrenia himself. None of us are immune. In my family tree there are ancestors who killed themselves, others whose erratic behavior is still the stuff of hushed speculation. I'm sure there were a handful of alcoholics. Depression runs just under the skin. Anything can happen, and it is our very vulnerability that makes empathy so dangerous. Without the objective eye, who could recognize the tendrils of mental illness that weave into the fabric of a person's life? No category of sickness has a greater propensity to be ignored for a long time because it seems like something that can be treated at home, smoothed over by spouses or parents or children. After all, feelings are the most personal aspect of self that anyone has. If these can be tangled by a process beyond our control, what is left? For months, I tried to normalize Sean's outbursts and despondency. I dreamed with him about a peaceful life. I connected to the person he was most of the time; but sometimes he was different. Sometimes I couldn't reach him. Finally, desperation plunged me into the same, miserable melancholy that held him captive, and then I was no use to either one of us. What remains after all that has passed is the memory of helplessness. No amount of love could fix the turmoil in my ex-boyfriend's head. He didn't want to go to a psychiatrist. He didn't want medicines. All he wanted, so he said, was me. And in the end, the most caring thing I could do for him was to take that away. Only after we broke up would he finally seek professional help. "Poof," the curious and imaginative teenager that I was, has grown more cautious now. She still exists-still finds satisfaction in listening to friends and offering advice. Still loves to stay up talking about intangibles like intuition. Still lets herself believe that the world works in a magically, mysteriously karmic way. She even appears in me when I listen to some of my patients, the ones whose emotional needs I can handle. The ones who don't ask too much. She is-I am-not suited for psychiatry. The difference between medicine and psychiatry, to me, is in the depths of empathy: who can conceive having voices intrude on their thoughts? Who dares to admit she might understand the tides of insecurity and breathtaking sense of worthlessness? In psychiatry, you do not relate. You stay near the surface, eyeing the landmarks that allow you to make a diagnosis. Beneath that uppermost layer, the water is too deep, too cold, too unfamiliar. I keep wanting to dive in and put my arm around the person who is drowning, drag that struggling form up for air. I should know better, but I don't. I almost drowned; I should have learned. I can't bear the possibility of ending up there again-but I still jump in. The only way to save myself is not to go in the water. The holy grail of psychiatry, of course, is to learn to dive just deep enough. There are tools-medicines-that can change lives, bringing the almost-lost back within reach. I am glad there are people who can do this. As a near-physician, I can recognize signs and symptoms, now. I take psychiatric illness seriously. I know what a world of difference treatment can make. But I still fight the current of my own irrational fears, and the memory of choking in an implacable sea. For myself, I had better stay on shore. Claire M. Unis is a pediatrician living in the San Francisco area. She says that "Poof: the Psychiatrist" is a personal essay and a reflection of her experiences with the field of psychiatry as a young teenager. "My psychiatry clerkship was one of the most trying experiences of medical school for me, and in this essay I explore the preconceptions I brought with me and realizations I took away." |